K&" WMFCn GglUT#m EMFgt (    % RpjX@Bookman Old StyleK,Bookma Old Style%0%L>0(%dv%   T`c X UU@v@c LTTheiiTTT X UU@v@ LP f T+UU@v@LMeaning of Modern HistoryTff9f]3Z?3ZfTKf3x9QBZKZTT"UU@v@"LP f Rp,@Bookman Old StyleK,Bookma Old Style\LdY 0%%0%%L>0(%%dv% TT),UU@v@LP 0< T-UU@v@>LI grew up during the 1950s and 1960s. I and my playmate were #C6,4NCD>C>D,B6C%B4C>>>>4C:B>C>>>>4 CC#C:B>C^6C>96^:&4CN4,3  TUU@v@Lhconstantly pre48B4&:B&62>,4TTUU@v@LP-(T UU@v@Loccupied with building bomb844D>4>2N&B2>D>B63>8^>TT  UU@v@ LP-(T UU@v@ Lshelters to protect us and 4B4&4,42&82>-8&44&2D42:B>! T UU@v@v9Lour families (and all the spare girls in the neighborhood8D,) :^44):B>):)&B4)4>:,4)6,4)B)'B4)B46B>8,B88>TT HUU@v@ vLP dTIUU@v@IvLhwe were boys) N4)N4,4)>864! TUU@v@Lxfrom the big nuclear ,8^"&B4">6"BD44:,"TUU@v@3Lbomb we all thought the Soviet Russians were going >8^>"N4":"&B8D6B&"&B4"B844&"HD44:B4"N4,4"68B6  T  wUU@v@a#Lto drop on Boston. We d dig a four&8$>,8>$8B$J84&8B %%`4>$>6$:$ 8D,TT  wUU@v@ aLP-(T  wUU@v@ a Ldfoot by four 88&%>6$ 8D,TT D wUU@v@ aLP-(TE wUU@v@E aLfoot square, and dig this 88&$4:D:,4 %:B>$>6$&B4! TwUU@v@HLdangerous pit down to a depth of five to six feet. We never got deeper >:B64,8D4.>&.>8NB.&8.:.>4>&B.8 . 43.%8.48. 44& ..`4.B443,.68&.>44>4+  TsbUU@v@L:Lthan that, and it s amazing we never buried ourselves. Th&B:B*&B:& *:B>*&4*;^:0B6*N4*B444,*>E,4>*8D,44444 *+=BTtbUU@v@tLLhe sides never 5*4>44*B444+  TbUU@v@FLcollapsed with us in them. We grew up in the era of the  Bomb , when 48:>44>)N&B)D4)C)&B4^ ))`4)6,4O)D?)B)&B4)4,:)8!)&B4)(K8^>( )NB4B  TMUU@v@7HLwe all sincerely believed the world was going to end in a giant nuclear N4/:/4B44,46/>4444>/&B4/N8,>/N:4/68B6/&8/4B>/B/:/6:B&/BD44:+  TMUU@v@GLconfrontation between Soviet Russian and America. We all knew that if 48B ,8B&:&8B)>4&N44B)B844&)HD44:B)9B>)D^4,4: ))`4):)>B4N)&B:&) T<7 UU@v@! Lone of those Soviet 50 kilot8B4!8 !&B844!!B844&">>!>8&T`=7 UU@v@=! .Lon baby s hit Boston, everything within Route 8B!>:>64!B'!J84&8B !444,6&BB6"N&B&" WMFC 'gB!H8D&3  T8  UU@v@ KL128 was toast, fried beyond all recognition. And we were only 9 years old >>>!N:4!&8:4& ! ,4> >468B>!:!,4486B&8B !!DB>!N4!N4,4!8B5!>!64:,4!8= T " UU@v@ ILat the time. Later I joined the US Submarine Service, and became a part :&#&B4#&^4 "#<:&4,""#8B4>#&B4#NB#BD>^9,B4#B4,444 #:B>#>34:^4#:#>:,% T# - UU@v@ Lxof that huge naval cat8 %&B:&%BD64%B:4:%4:&TT.# U UU@v@. LP-(T`V#  UU@v@V LTand:B>TT# 7 UU@v@ LP-(T 8#  UU@v@8 #Lmouse game all our submarines took ^8D44%6:^4%:%8D,%4D>^:,B44%&88>%T# = UU@v@ L`part in. >:,&%B!  T  UU@v@ ELThe whole world was aligned with either the United States, or Soviet >=B49NB849N8,>9N:49:6B4>9N&B94%B4,9&B49NB&4>9B&:%44 98,9B843% T  UU@v@l ILRussia, with very few genuinely neutral nations. Within a short walking HD44: &N&B&44,6& 4N&64BDB46&B4D&,:&B:&8B4 &&`&BB&:&3B8,&&N:>B5  T  UU@v@ CLdistance of my neighborhood, on top of Belmont Hill, was a US Army ">4&:B4448 4^64B46B>8,B88> 48B4&8>48 4J4^8B&4P 4N:44:4NB4D,^6  Td m UU@v@W LTanti:B&TT m UU@v@W LP-(T  z m UU@v@W Laircraft battery, 9 years after :,4,: &!>:&&4,6 !>!64:,4!: &4,!T8{ m UU@v@{ W 'LWorld War II ended. Soviet Russia was `8,> `:,!"#!4B>4> !B844%!HD44:!N:4  Tm  UU@v@ JLtrying to export it s form of government, often, we were told, forcefully &,6B62&8248>8,&2&42 8,^28 26844,B^4B& 28 &4B 2N42N4,42&8> 2 8,44 D6  T X UU@v@B CLand through subversive methods. We never gave a thought as to why :B>0&B,8D6B04D>44,4440^4&B8>4 00`41B444,06:440:0&B8D7B&0:40&80NB6  TX  UU@v@ HLthese two great powers with their two divergent forms of government had &B444#&N8#6,4:&#>8O4,4#N&B#&B4,#&N8#>44,64B&# 8,^4#8 #6854,B^4B&#B:>  Td CUU@v@-LTlock84>T CUU@v@-@Led military horns and were vying for world domination. We just 4>9^&:,69B8-B49:B>9N4,4946B6: 8,9N8,>9>8^B:&9B 99`49D4&! TCUU@v@BLknew that it was so, never giving a thought as to why. I vividly >B4NE&B:&E&EN:5F48 EB444,E64B6E;E&B8D6B&E:4E&9ENC6 EE#E44>6  T-UU@v@HLremember Nikita Khrushchev taking his shoe off in the U.N. building and ,4^4^>4,!J>&:!HC,D4B4B44!&:>B6!B4"4B84!8 !B!&B4!N J ">D>B6!:B>  T.m UU@v@6Lbanking it on his desk, and saying  We will bury you! >:B>B6$&$8B$B4$>44> $:B>$4:6B6$(`4$N$>D,6$68D(Tn .UU@v@n Lx. (I came closer to S $$#$3:^4$4844,$&8  TUU@v@Lgetting buried in my own hal&" WMFC gf64&&B6,>D,4>,B,]6,8NB,B: TTUU@v@LP-(T| UU@v@L\dug bomb>D6,>8]>TT  UU@v@ LP-(T UU@v@ "Lshelter!) I grew up to all this, 4B4&4,,+#,6,4M,C>,&8,:,&B3 TUU@v@wFLbut never understood what had brought the world to be this way. Then >D&'B444,'DB>4,4&88>'NB:&'B:>'>,8D6B&'&B4'N8,>'&8'>4'&B4'N:6 ''=B5C! TUU@v@ALrecently I found an amazing short history book, written by a war ,444B&6I"I 8DB>I9BI:^:0B6I4B8,&IA4&8,6I>88> IN,&&3BI>6I:IN9+ TxUU@v@bLcorrespondent during WWII. 48,,44>8B>4B&/>D,B6/``"#/TPxUU@v@b+L The book was full of insight and not just /=B4/>88>.N:4/ D/8 /B46B&/9B>/B8&/D4% TyUU@v@ILstraight reporting. What follows is what I learned from this insightful 4&,:6B&2,4>8,&B6 23`B:&2 88N4242NC:&2#24:,B4>2 ,8^2&B42B46B& D  Tx9cUU@v@ML\book. >88> TT:ucUU@v@:MLP < TTc)UU@v@LP <RpX@Bookman Old StyleK,Bookma Old Style %` (%0%L>0(%dv%  TD'NUU@v@'7)LWas Communism wrong? What brought it on?dD6"F<``DD&6`"V2<D>>""dFD,"<2<D>F,"&,"<D>TTNUU@v@7LP D % TTN)UU@v@LP < T9UU@v@#HLCommunism is like a national version of a labor union that comes in and J8^^DB4^!4!>4":!B:&8B:!44,48B!8!!:!:>8,!DB8C!&B:&!58^44!B!:B?! T9UU@v@Lloffers the worke8 4,4,&B4,N8,>4T9UU@v@Llrs of a big fat,4,8 ,:,>6, :&TT9UU@v@LP-(T89UU@v@'Lcat company more equality in wages and 4:&,48^>:B6,^8,4,4:D:&6,B,N:644,:B>  TD #UU@v@ )Lopportunity. When a nation has a few fat8>>8,&DB&6 77`B4B7:7B:&8B7B:47:7 5N7 :&TT  #UU@v@ LP-(T #UU@v@ Lcats, a small and wealthy 4:&4 7:74^:8:B>7N4:&B6  T$UU@v@BLupper class, while the majority live in abject poverty, communism D>>4,K4:44 KNB3K&B4K^:8,&6K44JBK:>44&K>844,&6 J48^^DB4^  TzUU@v@BLalthough a very poor substitute for a fair democracy within a free:&B8D6B":"44,6">88-"4D>4&&D&4" 8,":" :,#>4^84,:46"N&BB":# ,44TT{UU@v@{LP-(TxUU@v@L\market ^:,>4%  TUU@v@mGLsociety, offers educational equality, and thus a degree of equality of 4844&6 ?8 4,4?4>D4:&8B:?4:D:&6 ?:B>?&BD4?:?>46,44?8?4:D:&6?8  TUU@v@DLfinancial opportunity and advancement, based on performance to some B:B4:.8>>8,&DB&6.:B>.:>4:B44^4B& .>:44>.8B.>4, 8,^:B44.&8.48^4  TnUU@v@XFL&WMFCgdegree. A peasant in Czarist Russia had no opportunity for education >46,44 00D0>4:4:B&1B0J0:,4&0HD44:0C:>0B808>>8,&DB&60!8,04>D4:&8A % 666666666666666666666666666666666666 6 66 6  6 66 6  6 66 6  6 66 6  6 66 6 66666666666666666666  ."System-X@Bookman Old Style- 2 NThek 2 N 12 `Meaning of Modern History        2 `~ ,@Bookman Old Style- 2 nO h2 zO>I grew up during the 1950s and 1960s. I and my playmate were    2 Oconstantly pre 2 -42 occupied with building bomb   2 ;-42 ?shelters to protect us and a2 O9our families (and all the spare girls in the neighborhoodw  2 x 2 we were boys)  +2 Ofrom the big nuclear t X2 3bomb we all thought the Soviet Russians were going u @2 O#to drop on Boston. Wed dig a foura  2 -2  foot by four 2 H-22 Lfoot square, and dig this w2 OHdangerous pit down to a depth of five to six feet. We never got deeper  b2 O:than that, and its amazing we never buried ourselves. Th  2 e sides never t2 OFcollapsed with us in them. We grew up in the era of the Bomb, when    w2 OHwe all sincerely believed the world was going to end in a giant nuclear v2 OGconfrontation between Soviet Russian and America. We all knew that if   72 Oone of those Soviet 50 kilotP2 .on babys hit Boston, everything within Route  |2 OK128 was toast, fried beyond all recognition. And we were only 9 years old   y2 OIat the time. Later I joined the US Submarine Service, and became a part d   ,2 Oof that huge naval cat 2 -2 andk 2 -@2 #mouse game all our submarines took a   2  part in. s2 &OEThe whole world was aligned with either the United States, or Soviet f y2 3OIRussia, with very few genuinely neutral nations. Within a short walking d  p2 ?OCdistance of my neighborhood, on top of Belmont Hill, was a US Army t     2 KOanti 2 Kc-;2 Kh aircraft battery, 9 years after F2 K'World War II ended. Soviet Russia was  z2 XOJtrying to export its form of government, often, we were told, forcefully     p2 dOCand through subversive methods. We never gave a thought as to why t  w2 pOHthese two great powers with their two divergent forms of government had     2 }Olockk2 }d@ed military horns and were vying for world domination. We just    n2 OBknew that it was so, never giving a thought as to why. I vividly w2 OHremember Nikita Khrushchev taking his shoe off in the U.N. building and    \2 O6banking it on his desk, and saying We will bury you! +2 k. (I came closer to t 72 Ogetting buried in my own halfe  2 -2 dug bomb  2 '->2 +"shelter!) I grew up to all this, t2 OFbut never understood what had brought the world to be this way. Then m2 OArecently I found an amazing short history book, written by a war T 42 Ocorrespondent during WWII. l L2 + The book was full of insight and not just ty2 OIstraight reporting. What follows is what I learned from this insightful   2 Obook. b 2 r  2 O X@Bookman Old Style-I2 )Was Communism wrong? What brought it on?t      2  - 2 O w2 OHCommunism is like a national version of a labor union that comes in and    #2 )Ooffers the worke "2 )rs of a big fate 2 )-F2 )'cat company more equality in wages and   I2 5O)opportunity. When a nation has a few fatt   2 5:-22 5>cats, a small and wealthy  n2 BOBupper class, while the majority live in abject poverty, communism    n2 NOBalthough a very poor substitute for a fair democracy within a free  2 N-2 Nmarket b v2 ZOGsociety, offers educational equality, and thus a degree of equality of q2 fODfinancial opportunity and advancement, based on performance to some    t2 sOFdegree. A peasant in Czarist Russia had no opportunity for education -