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2nd Samuel 1:1-27

  

“Now it came to pass after the death of Saul, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites, and David had abode two days in Ziklag; 2 it came even to pass on the third day, that, behold, a man came out of the camp from Saul with his clothes rent, and earth upon his head:  and so it was, when he came to David, that he fell to the earth, and did obeisance. 3 And David said unto him, From whence comest thou?  And he said unto him, Out of the camp of Israel am I escaped. 4 And David said unto him, How went the matter?  I pray thee, tell me.  And he answered, That the people fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also. 5 And David said unto the young man that told him, How knowest thou that Saul and Jonathan his son are dead? 6 And the young man that told him said, As I happened by chance upon mount Gilboa, behold, Saul leaned upon his spear; and, lo, the chariots and horsemen followed hard after him. 7 And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called unto me.  And I answered, Here am I. 8 And he said unto me, Who art thou?  And I answered him, I am an Amalekite. 9 He said unto me again, Stand, I pray thee, upon me, and slay me:  for anguish is come upon me, because my life is yet whole in me. 10 So I stood upon him, and slew him, because I was sure that he could not live after that he was fallen:  and I took the crown that was upon his head, and the bracelet that was upon his arm, and have brought them hither unto my lord. 11 Then David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise all the men that were with him: 12 and they mourned, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. 13 And David said unto the young man that told him, Whence art thou?  And he answered, I am  the son of a stranger, an Amalekite. 14 And David said unto him, How wast thou not afraid to stretch forth thine hand to destroy the LORD’s anointed? 15 And David called one of the young men, and said, Go near, and fall upon him.  And he smote him that he died. 16 And David said unto him, Thy blood be upon thy head; for thy mouth hath testified against thee, saying, I have slain the LORD’s anointed. 17 And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son: 18 (Also he bade them teach the children of Judah the use of the bow, it is written in the book of Jasher.) 19 The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places:  how are the mighty fallen! 20 Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Ashkelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph. 21 Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither let there be rain upon you, nor fields of offerings:  for there the shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not been anointed with oil. 22 From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty. 23 Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided:  they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions. 24 Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your apparel. 25 How are the mighty fallen in the midst of battle!  O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places. 26 I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan:  very pleasant hast thou been unto me:  thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women. 27 How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished!”

 

Introduction

[Audio version: https://resources.ccphilly.org/detail.asp?TopicID=&Teaching=WED665]

 

“David and his men, for a number of years living in Philistine territory, because of David’s failure, David finally being disheartened by the years of Saul’s persecution, fleeing to the area of the Philistines and then Achish king of Gath taking David to himself.  David settling with his men and their wives and their children in Ziklag.  Of course Achish coming to David saying ‘I got great news David, we’re going to war against Saul and Israel, and you’re gonna be right next to me, you’re my number one man,’ and David thinking ‘Oh boy’  So as they come up to Aphek, up to Gilboa where the battle would take place, the other Philistine kings don’t want David in the battlelines with them, because they don’t trust him, and God’s grace is there to have David sent back.  Saul and his sons, remember, killed on Mount Gilboa, there’s a great defeat, the Israelite forces, many of them fleeing, the Philistines taking a number of cities in the northern part of Israel where they normally did not rule.  And David and his men coming back to Ziklag, and when they come back to Ziklag, Ziklag is burned with fire, what they thought was their security is burned to the ground.  And the Amalekites had come, knowing that David and his men had gone north, and the Amalekites had taken all of the women, David’s two wives, taken all of the women, taken the children, taken the spoil of the city, and burned it to the ground.  So David and his men then begin to pursue, to catch up to the Amalekites.  Out of the 600 men, 200 are too weak to go on, and they ask if they might abide by the brook, David and 400 other men, they’ve been going day and night for days, pursue them.  They find an Egyptian that the Amalekites had cast away because he was ill, and David’s men nurse him back to health and find out where they were encamped, and David then promised this Egyptian he wouldn’t take his life, and he led them to the camp of the Amalekites, and the Amalekites  were drunk, partying, unsuspecting, thinking David was over 100 miles north, they come into the camp, there’s a great slaughter, and David and his men pursue after the Amalekites all night, slaughtering.  And they gain back their wives, their children, their flocks, their herds, it says ‘Not a soul was lost,’ and the other plunder that they had taken.  So as David comes back to the area, he gives part of those spoils to the men that had waited there by the river, too weary to go on, he gives part of the spoil to the southern cities of Judah that had been pirated and pilfered by the Amalekites.  And we find David now in this situation, Saul is dead on Mount Gilboa, with his sons, they had taken his body and strung it on the wall of Bashan, and the men of Jabesh-gilead had come, because Saul had delivered them many year before this, and taken the bodies of Saul and his sons and burned them with fire, and then took their bones and buried them.  And David now is catching up on all of these things, as we head into the 2nd Book of Samuel, we’re going to watch David ascend the throne of Israel [Judah first] and become the greatest king, besides Jesus Christ, that the nation would see. We’re going to now enter into the 40 years of his reign, seven and a half years at Hebron, and 33 years in Jerusalem.  We’re going to see his failures, his successes, his sin, his repentance, his life, his humanity, his royalty.  Next to the Lord himself this is a man who gets more print than anyone else in Scripture, and the Lord does not hide his failings, he brings the man before us in all of his humanness, a man after God’s own heart. 

 

An Amalekite Comes To David Hoping To Profit From Saul’s Death

 

It says “Now it came to pass after the death of Saul, when David was returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites, and David had abode two days in Ziklag;” and his heart is right with the LORD once again, at this point in time, “it even came to pass on the third day, that, behold, a man came out of the camp from Saul with his clothes rent, and earth upon his head:  and so it was, when he came to David, that he fell to the earth, and did obeisance.” (verses 1-2)  So he’s come from Gilboa in three days, it’s 100 miles in three days, this guy’s really moving, he’s making over 30 miles a day.  We’re going to find out he has a selfish motive behind that.  He comes to David in Ziklag, and he comes with his clothes torn and earth upon his head, and David knows just from the culture, from looking at him that that means there’s bad news, that the battle has gone wrong, that this man is in mourning.  “And David said unto him, From whence comest thou?  And he said unto him, Out of the camp of Israel am I escaped.  And David said unto him, How went the matter?  I pray thee, tell me.  And he answered, That the people are fled from the battle, and many of the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are dead also.” (verses 3-4)  This falls like a bomb on David, and no doubt he loved Jonathan, Jonathan was his best friend, he knows that Israel is defeated, Saul is dead.  “And David said unto the young man that told him, How knowest thou that Saul and Jonathan his son be dead?” (verse 5)  ‘Are you sure?’  “And the young man that told him said, As I happened by chance upon mount Gilboa, behold, Saul leaned upon his spear; and, lo, the chariots and horsemen followed hard after him.” (verse 6)  “As I happened by chance” now it seems to me, you can form your own opinion, I believe he is making this up, and I think there’s some evidence to that fact.  “And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called unto me.  And I answered, Here am I.  And he said unto me, Who art thou?  And I answered him, I am an Amalekite.” (verses 7-8)  And they would normally come and loot the battlefields, if they could get in before the victors did that.  “He said unto me again, Stand, I pray thee, upon me, and slay me:  for anguish is come upon me, because my life is yet whole in me.  So I stood upon him, and slew him, because I was sure that he could not live after that he was fallen:  and I took the crown that was upon his head, and the bracelet that was on his arm, and have brought them hither unto my lord.  Then David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise all the men that were with him:  and they mourned, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword.” (verses 9-12)  So this interesting encounter, this Amalekite, not realizing David’s not real chummy with the Amalekites at this particular time.  This Amalekite says ‘When I got to the battlefield I found Saul,’ there were not many seven-footers with crowns on the battlefield, so he was easy to pick out, ‘and he was mortally wounded, and he begged me to finish him off.  Knowing that he couldn’t live, I did that, then I took the crown and I took the signet with the bracelets and I brought them here to you,’ no doubt thinking that David is going to rejoice. The hostilities between David and Saul were well known, we saw that with Abigail, as we studied through different passages, that people knew what was going on.  And he’s thinking to curry David’s favour, that he’s going to be rewarded for this, that he, by his own hand finished off Saul’s life, slew him, and he figures it’s win-win situation.  If David still has any feelings towards Saul, ‘I feel like I did something merciful, if David hates Saul as much as I hope he does, then he’s going to be thankful I finished him off and I’m bringing the crown to him, acknowledging that he’s king.’  But it doesn’t seem to be the truth, back in chapter 31 it said “The battle went sore against Saul,” this is God’s Word, “and the archers hit him, and he was sore wounded of the archers,” (verse 3) “Then said Saul unto his armourbearer, Draw thy sword and thrust me through therewith, lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and abuse me.  But his armourbearer” who knew David, how he had been many years before, “his armourbearer would not, for he was sore afraid.  Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon it.”  Saul it seems, from this record in chapter 31, took his own life.  It says “And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead” and that’s clearly what the Hebrew says, “when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise upon his sword, and died with him.  So Saul died, and his three sons, and his armourbearer, and all his men that same day together.”  Now this man comes and tells David this “story.”  In chapter 4, verse 10, when David recounts this story, he says “When one told me, saying, Behold, Saul is dead, thinking to have brought good tidings, I took hold of him, and slew him in Ziklag, who thought that I would have given him a reward for his tidings:”  So David tells us this guy came with a story, thinking he was bringing good news to him, ‘I took him and I slew him in Ziklag.’  So David tells us in chapter 4, verse 10, this guy’s disingenuous, he had the wrong motives as he came with this story bragging that he had killed king Saul.  So look, here’s one of those places in Scripture, in 2nd Samuel chapter 1, where we have God’s Word giving us an accurate record of a lie.  It doesn’t say what the man said was God’s Word, it’s God’s Word telling us this Amalekite came and he lied to David about this, which was David’s impression, which David says in chapter 4, verse 10.  The truth, God’s Word, God’s record of what happens, seems to be clearly in 1st Samuel 31.  Now there are people that feel otherwise about this, and of course if in fact Saul fell on his sword and then his armourbearer fell on his sword, and Saul still wasn’t dead, it is a cruel irony it would be an Amalekite that would kill him, and people take that and want to make sermons out of it because he should have slaughtered all the Amalekites back in chapter 15.  But the language, you know if you torture a text long enough you can get it to confess anything [i.e. you can either twist the Scripture or you can teach it accurately].  The clear plain language says that Saul was dead on the battlefield.  Evidently before the Philistines came back and searched through and found his body, this Amalekite had come, pilfering the battlefield, while the battle was still raging in certain places, and he took the crown, took the bracelet off of Saul, and he comes to David with this story, expecting that when he tells this to David, David’s going to rejoice.  He’s seeking David’s favour.

 

David Remarkably Makes A Decision That Bitterness And Hatred Are Wrong

 

It says in verse 11 though, that “David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise all the men that were with him:  and they mourned, and wept, and fasted until even,” notice, “for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword.” (verses 11-12)  David is vastly becoming the king that he had been anointed to be at this point in time.  Think of what is required here, and look, as we go through the chapter, it’s just going to continue to bear out that David at this point in time is not holding bitterness towards Saul.  Think of what’s here, David begins to mourn, he tears his clothes.  Saul had treated David, listen, with jealousy, with hatred, with spite, with ungodliness for over a decade, for years.  He took from David his family, his home, his career, his security, and years of his life.  And David here will mourn over Saul and Jonathan.  David is a man who has taken ahold of God’s grace, you see he took hundreds of men into Philistine territory, and jeopardized the lives of the men and their wives and their children, and was so wrong, where he got to the point where he became Saul.  And his own men were discontent, like back at the Cave of Adullam, they were discontent and angry, but with David, and they threatened him.  And it says David then sought the LORD, that was it, it broke David all the way down.  And I think David realized that he was a man that was no better than Saul, except for God’s grace, and God’s call on his life.  And David, remarkably, listen, without the New Testament, without the full exhortation we have, without being indwelt by the Spirit of the LORD, David remarkably makes a decision, that bitterness and hatred and all of these things are wrong.  [Comment:  Now this is a Calvary Chapel doctrine that the saints of the Old Testament could not be indwelt by the Holy Spirit the same way New Testament Christians are.  I honestly believe this is an inaccurate interpretation of Scripture, as we see that Abraham was called “the father of the faithful,” and all New Testament teachings about grace, about faith and works, is based on Old Testament Abraham.  Moses talked about the Holy Spirit in Numbers 11, wishing that all Israel could have the Holy Spirit in them.  So, I believe this is a doctrine particular to Calvary Chapel, and does not reflect what we see in Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua, as well as in all the Old Testament Prophets of God, who exhibited the Holy Spirit acting within them throughout their lives.  Other than Calvary Chapels being really good in most of their interpretations of Scripture as they go verse by verse, book by book through the Bible, they do at times seem to have a few quirky beliefs.  But then most of the genuine denominations within the greater Body of Christ have some weird interpretations of their own.]  That demonstrates something to us, because bitterness and hatred and unforgiveness, those are things that are chosen and they are not imposed upon us.  David teaches us that bitterness and unforgiveness and hatred ultimately is a choice, and it is not imposed upon us.  If we will bring our hearts before the Lord, and if we realize we’re sinners, saved by grace, like every other sinner, saved by grace around us, it demands something of us.  And if David without all of our advantages was able to mourn for this man, who had tortured him, look, you know how you feel if somebody gossips about you, for 15 minutes.  You’re ready to send them to the electric chair, ‘They don’t deserve to live, they gossiped about you, they hurt your feelings,’ what if that goes on for a week, you’re ready to use nuclear weapons.  What if it goes on for a month?  What if it goes on for 10 years?  What if it goes on for over a decade, for 15 years?  What if because of that, bitter, hateful, spiteful, ungodly person, you loose everything, family, home, career, opportunities, security?  And David has made a choice.  And it isn’t an easy choice, and I would never be cavalier about it, and I’m not naïve.  And I think it’s really hard.  And I don’t think there is a human resource that is fit for the task, I think it comes strictly from God’s grace [and from the indwelling of God’s Holy Spirit in David, and in us].  And I think David had found that, that was being effective in his life.  Just you look at this, and see how remarkable it is.  Listen, it will say this in the Book of Proverbs, “Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thy heart be glad when he stumbleth.”  Again, “Whoso mocketh the poor reproacheth his maker, and he that is glad at calamities shall not go unpunished.”  [For those who say Karma doesn’t exist, I say Karma in this sense, is an integral part of God’s Law, which is also exemplified in the Book of Proverbs]  Let us be honest, if somebody has hassled me for 15 years, taken away my wife, my kids, my home, my ministry here at church, taken everything from me, and I hear that guy’s dead, it’s real hard for me not to say ‘Ha, ha, ha, he had it coming.’  Isn’t it?  That’s the reason you’re laughing, you’re just as human as I am.  Here is Solomon, the wisest man, writing these things in the Book of Proverbs about not rejoicing when those things happen, and Solomon hadn’t learned them in college, Solomon learned them from his father who was a shepherd, who learned them from God.  [God has lead his people Israel through two shepherds, Moses and king David, and they will be prominent leaders in the Millennial Kingdom of God, under Jesus Christ, the King of kings and Lord of lords.]  And he writes them down for us.  They mourned, David taking no pleasure in the death of the wicked as it were.  New Testament, 1st Peter, ‘Honour all men, love the brotherhood, fear God, honour the king,’ we hear these exhortations about being tenderhearted one with another, loving one another, love covers a multitude of sins.  It’s not just in the New Testament.  David and his men, they fast, they mourn, they tear their clothes. 

 

David Writes A Dirge About The Death Of Saul & Jonathan

 

And at evening, evidently, when they began to eat again, “And David said unto the young man that told him, Whence art thou?  And he answered, I am the son of a stranger, an Amalekite.” (verse 13)  his guys are all going ‘Grrrrowl…’  “And when David said unto him, How wast thou not afraid to stretch forth thine hand to destroy the LORD’s anointed?” (verse 14)  ‘How is it that you weren’t afraid to kill the king of Israel?’  David had come to the fast resolution that God had raised Saul up and it was God’s responsibility to take Saul down.  And I think David realizing as he is approaching the throne, that he is going to be as in need of God’s grace to maintain that throne as Saul was.  ‘How is it’ he says ‘that you weren’t afraid to stretch out your hand and do this?’  “And David called one of the young men, and said, Go near, and fall upon him.  And he smote him that he died.” (verse 15)  he didn’t get the reward he was hoping to get, the Amalekite.  “And David said unto him, Thy blood be upon thy head; for thy mouth hath testified against thee, saying, I have slain the LORD’s anointed.” (verse 16)  So David evidently rebuking him as he is executed.  And look, it says “And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son:” (verse 17) “lamented” there, it speaks of a dirge, David is going to write quite a psalm, but he’s writing a song here, “And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son:  (Also he bade them teach the children of Judah the use of the bow:  behold, it is written in the book of Jasher.)” (verses 17-18)  now the King James says “the use of the bow”…“behold it is written in the book of Jasher” and I have a copy, but I’m sure David had a different copy than I did.  It says, the Hebrew lays it out this way, it says David wrote this lamentation, this dirge, and it was a dirge over Saul and Jonathan, this song of lamentation, “and then he bade them to teach the children of Judah the use ofis in italics you’ll see, it’s inserted “he bade them to teach the children of Judah the bow”  Now it’s hard for us to interpret that with archery, because they were good at that already, Jonathan was a great archer.  The bow seems to be the name of the song that we have here, that’s brought before us, the title of it.  “he bade them teach the children of Judah the bow:  behold it is written in thee book of Jasher.) (verse 18) and here’s the song now that David taught them, and it has much instruction for us.  Listen to this, “The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places:  how are the mighty fallen!” (verse 19)  the beauty of Israel, her king, her king’s sons, this man who had so mistreated David, the beauty of Israel.  David knew Saul as a boy, Saul was a man to be feared, Saul was head and shoulders above the rest, David knew Saul in wonderful moments in his life too, and no doubt knew this man was troubled.  And David had come to the conclusion that Saul was no threat to the promises of God, Saul was no threat to the promises of God.  Here’s the song, “The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places:  how are the mighty fallen!” (verse 19) and three times we’re going to have this refrain “how are the mighty fallen!” now that’s both an exclamation, you’ll see and exclamation mark probably in your Bible, but it also has the form of a question, it is both, it’s crying out in the spirit, ‘How are the might fallen!?’ Listen, “Tell it not in Gath” it’s a little late for that, because the last chapter told us that they had published it throughout the Philistine territory, and they took some of Saul’s armour and put it in the house of their gods, but David says “Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.” (verse 20) he says God’s honour is at stake here.  ‘LORD, don’t let this happen, the beauty of Israel has been slain on the mountains, how are the mighty fallen!  Don’t let this be published amongst the Philistines, don’t let them rejoice about this defeat.’  “Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither let there be rain, upon you, nor fields of offerings:  for there the shield of the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not been anointed with oil.” (verse 21)  Now it gives you the wrong idea, again, it says “the shield of Saul” you see “as he had not” is in italics, this is what it really says, it says “for there the shield of the mighty” speaking of Saul, “is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul not anointed with oil.”  The idea is, no longer prepared for battle, the shields were covered with leather, in fact it specifically says olive oil there, and they were taken, this thick leather, and they were oiled, and it would take the blow of a sword or a spear much better than if it was dried and brittle which would be pierced right through.  He’s saying the sword, and the shield of Saul would no longer be prepared for battle.  “From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty.” (verse 22) they moved forward, there’s not a bitter note here, David is not crying his own blues here.  He’s saying they moved forward valiantly, the bow of Jonathan turned not back, the sword of Saul returned not empty, it took down enemies is the idea.  “Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided:  they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.” (verse 23) the man that had persecuted me, they were lovely.  “Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your apparel.” (verse 24) he was your king, he brought victories to the nation.  “How are the mighty fallen in the midst of battle!  O Jonathan, thou wast slain in thine high places.” (verse 25)  How are the mighty fallen, Saul began to fall long before this, the battle was just the ultimate issue of his rebellion against the LORD.  David says “I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan:  very pleasant hast thou been unto me:  thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.  How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished.” (verses 26-27)  There’s some important lessons here, now, there is no indication of anything unclean between David and Jonathan.  We live in such a perverse culture, that it’s impossible for us to imagine genuine love without sexuality of some kind being attached to it.  There is no evidence at all that there’s anything unclean or sexual between David and Jonathan.  You know, look, it’s hard for us to imagine, I think about their common ground, hard for us to imagine.  If you have friends, my dad, World War II, stayed in touch with some of those guys for the rest of his life, they fought side by side.  Friends that came back from Vietnam, from Iraq, saw some of their best friends die next to them, never the same.  There’s a love in that comradery that’s very hard for anyone to understand except the members of that exclusive club.  And to fight all day on a battlefield with swords.  I watched that Mel Gibson movie, what’s that movie [Braveheart], ya, you sit around watching TV all the time?  I could watch that movie over and over and over again, that’s just my problem, pray for me.  But you know, when you look at that, you need a vacation when those battles are over, you think of the amount of energy you expend.  And some of these battles, it says they fought all night and all the next day.  How can you swing a sword that long?  These guys, you know, they bled together, they fought together, it’s hard for us I think to imagine the camaraderie.  And then the reverence that Jonathan showed to David, realizing he was the king of Israel, even to the point of rescuing David from his own father, I mean, the depth that there was between them, has to do with honour, it has to do with something that’s valiant and noble.  For anybody to make that filthy is only a reflection of the culture that we live within that has lost so much, of what is right and honourable and good.  [Pastor Joe gave this sermon in 2010, that culture, our culture right now in 2022 has gone to the bottom of the cesspool so to speak, by comparison.]

 

“How Are The Mighty Fallen”--“Here A Little, There A Little”

 

“How are the mighty fallen,” three times, got to be a lesson here, three times, how are the mighty fallen, how does it happen?  Saul, chosen of the LORD, head and shoulders above the rest of the men of Israel.  This guy, you had to shoot him with a bow, you didn’t want to mess with this guy on the battlefield with a sword, hand to hand this guy was trouble for anybody.  No wonder he was hit by the archers.  How, how did his life come to that point?  This is a guy God had anointed, this is a guy in the beginning who gets angry, he rescues the men of Jabesh-gilead from Nahash, he has remarkable victories, how has he fallen?  For that to be said three times here, and David says “teach them this song, make them memorize this song,” and the chorus is over and over “How are the mighty fallen” how does it happen?  And I’m convinced it happens the same way growth happens.  How does growth happen?  Does growth happen overnight?  It doesn’t happen overnight.  Isaiah says this, it gives us a little bit of an insight I think into answering the question.  Isaiah says “Whom shall I teach knowledge, whom shall he make to understand doctrine?  Them that are weaned from the milk, and drawn from the breast.  For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept, line upon line, line upon line; here a little, there a little.” (Isaiah 28:9-10)  That’s the way we grow, that’s the way we learn, increments, line upon line, precept upon precept, here a little there a little.  And I believe it’s the same way with the mighty that are fallen, here a little, there a little.  A compromise it made, it seems insignificant, the Holy Ghost says to us ‘Hey, what are you doing, you’re blowing it.’  And we tell the Holy Ghost ‘Hey Lord, you don’t have to worry about me, I understand, I appreciate it, but you got a lot of Christians out there in worse shape than I am, you should probably go take care of them, I’m cool,’ like the Lord’s going to go ‘Hew, there’s one Christian I don’t have to worry about,’ instead of saying ‘Wow Lord,’  and then another increment.  Satan is content to take years, he’s content to take away our foundation pebble by pebble, no rush.  And we fall the same way we grow, little by little, we desensitize ourselves to the Holy Spirit, and we create some world of illusion, because the Scripture is speaking to us, the Holy Spirit is speaking to us, and little by little we step away from it.  Like termites in a huge oak tree, and all of a sudden you start to hear snap, crackle, the whole thing’s been eaten from the inside and it comes down, all of a sudden a wind blows, and you’re not expecting it, you’ve stood close enough to the edge and you can’t save yourself and you’re gone.  Some temptation, some thing just comes, and it hits you, and you fell long before that, step by step.  Listen, how are the mighty fallen?  Rebellion is like the sin of witchcraft, stubbornness is like unto idolatry, he had begun to deny the LORD in things and justified himself in small things, he was still on the throne, he was still king, he had this illusion ‘Ya ok, I messed up, hey, God’s still using me, hey, God’s still blessing,’ God was still giving him victory, this was still going on.  And I think it is put before us here, repeated three times, ‘How are the mighty fallen! How are the mighty fallen! How are the mighty fallen!’  Pray for me, pray for yourselves, don’t let the little foxes into your life that steal the grapes, don’t let the little things get in, that’s how the enemy comes, he’s wise.  You know if you see someone, and you think ‘Man, that guy was on fire!  That guy fasted and prayed, and he fell into adultery, that guy, he’s stoned, I don’t understand,’ he was not on fire yesterday, that is not true, all sin has a history, and it begins line upon line, precept upon precept, here a little, there a little we surrender, an inch at a time.  It’s the same way we grow, it’s gradual.  And the enemy is very content to take that if we’ll give that to him.  We think of Samson, ‘Tell me the secret of your strength?’  ‘Tie fresh bowstrings around my head,’ if you give that, that’s what the enemy will take, and you’ll wake up with bowstrings around your head.  ‘Ah, use fresh ropes, tie me up,’ if that’s what you give the enemy that’s what the enemy will take, and you wake up with fresh ropes wrapped around you.  ‘Weave my hair into the loom,’ you give that to the enemy, you’ll wake up with your hair in a loom, and he’s content.  How have the mighty fallen.  How interesting to look at this.  Now, chapter 2.

 

2nd Samuel 2:1-32

 

“And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah?  And the LORD said unto him, Go up.  And David said, Wither shall I go up?  And he said, Unto Hebron. 2 So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal’s wife the Carmelite. 3 And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household:  and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron. 4 And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah.  And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabesh-gilead were they that buried Saul. 5 And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabesh-gilead, and said unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him. 6 And now the LORD shew kindness and truth unto you:  and I also will requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing. 7 Therefore now let your hands be strengthened, and be ye valiant:  for your master Saul is dead, and also the house of Judah have anointed me king over them. 8 But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul’s host, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and brought him, over to Mahanaim; 9 and made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel. 10 Ishbosheth Saul’s son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and reigned two years.  But the house of Judah followed David. 11 And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months. 12 And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon. 13 And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon:  and they sat down, and the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool. 14 And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men now arise, and play before us.  And Joab said, Let them arise. 15 Then there arose and went over by number twelve of Benjamin, which pertained to Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David. 16 And they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow’s side; so they fell down together:  wherefore that place was called Helkath-hazzurim, which is in Gibeon. 17 And there was a very sore battle that day; and Abner was beaten, and the men of Israel, before the servants of David. 18 And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, Joab, and Abishai, and Asahel:  and Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe. 19 And Asahel pursued after Abner; and in going he turned not to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner. 20 Then Abner looked behind him, and said, Art thou Asahel?  And he answered, I am. 21 And Abner said to him, Turn thee aside to thy right hand or to thy left, and lay thee hold on one of the young men, and take thee his armour.  But Asahel would not turn aside from following him. 22 And Abner said again to Asahel, Turn thee aside from following me:  wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? how then should I hold up my face to Joab thy brother? 23 Howbeit he refused to turn aside:  wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place:  and it came to pass that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still. 24 Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner:  and the sun went down when they were come to the hill Ammah, that lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon. 25 And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together after Abner, and became one troop, and stood on the top of an hill. 26 Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for ever?  knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end? how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from following their brethren? 27 And Joab said, As God liveth, unless thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up every one from following his brother. 28 So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people stood still, and pursued after Israel no more, neither fought they any more. 29 And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and they came to Mahanaim. 30 And Joab returned from following Abner:  and when he had gathered all the people together, there lacked of David’s servants nineteen men and Asahel. 31 But the servants of David had smitten of Benjamin, and of Abner’s men, so that three hundred and threescore men died. 32 And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father, which was in Bethlehem.  And Joab and his men went all night, and they came to Hebron at break of day.”

 

Introduction:  God Calls His Wandering Children To Hebron--Communion City

 

“Chapter 2, 2nd Samuel, “And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah?  And the LORD said unto him, Go up.  And David said, Wither shall I go up?  And he said, Unto Hebron.” (verse 1)  David is right where he belongs at this point in time, he has learned his lessons well.  David, it seems very obvious to him evidently that he should go up to Judah.  He said ‘Shall I go up to any of the cities of Judah?’ he had that sense ‘That’s where I should be heading,’ but David even now at this point when it seems obvious, he waits, and he prays, and he seeks the LORD.  He has bungled so many things, that now he says ‘Should I go up to any of the cities of Judah?’ and the LORD said ‘Go up.’  And he says ‘Alright, which cities in Judah?’ he wants more information, he doesn’t just move.  And his heart is just where God wants his heart.  And God has taken those decades to move him to this place, very interesting.  He says ‘I want you to go up to Hebron.’  Now, Hebron, you remember back in Genesis 13 Abraham came there, settled there.  You remember back in Joshua, 13 or 14, it’s the place where Caleb wanted Hebron.  Hebron means “to be joined together,” it means “union,” it means “communion,” and the beautiful picture is, God has called David back to communion, David has been joined back to the LORD.  Where does God tell his wandering children to go?--Hebron, Communion.  You know what, if you’ve been struggling, you’ve been wandering, you’ve been away from the Lord.  We do this thing, ‘How do I get back, how to I get back pastor Joe?’ and I think…it’s not a geographical problem, ‘How do I get back,’ it’s not a place, it’s a heart-attitude, God calls his wandering children to Hebron, he says ‘Come back to fellowship with me, join yourself to me again.’  It isn’t something you need to do, you don’t need to put stars on the refrigerator where God says ‘ok I like you again.’  Christ paid the price, and the veil in the Temple was torn so that every sinner could come to God.  And when we fail, when we fall away, we think ‘Lord, how do we get back?’ it’s communion, get on your knees, fellowship.  You don’t have to worry about anything else, he will lead.  And what we’re going to see at Hebron here, it says the nation begins to come to him [the tribe of Judah, that is, one twelfth of the nation in reality].  David does not strive, David does not try to find his way to the throne, David goes to Hebron, and he’s in that place ‘LORD shall I go up?  LORD, where should I go?’ he was back in communion with the LORD, and the nation [of Judah] gathers to him, he doesn’t have to ask for it, God will now establish his throne [gradually] in Israel, and it’s just so interesting to watch.  And it’s such a lesson for us.  You know I think of the days we’re living in, honestly, everybody’s worried about the economy, and it’s scary, I hear from other Calvary’s, other churches from around the country, it’s way worse in other places than it is here.  But I hear from some of you about what’s going on, it’s a little bit, some of us need to get a little de-stressified right now because of what’s going on [that’s nothing, right now in 2022, just as we approach 2023 as I transcribe this sermon, the whole world is re-arming, just like before WWII, and the Russian Federation has gone to war against the Ukraine (to bring you up to speed, see  https://unityinchrist.com/topical%20studies/America-ModernRomans5.htm).]  The healthcare thing, war, there’s a genuine threat of terrorism in our nation [that was an overblown threat, which never materialized].  What do we do?  I don’t think there’s ever been a more important time for us [esp. as 2023 approaches in two days from this being transcribed] to pray,  Corporately, individually, to seek him.  I don’t think there’s a way that anyone in this room can be a greater benefit to the person next to them, to their husband, to their wife, to their family, to their friends, than to be in a communion with the Lord that’s genuine, and to come from that place to the others that are around them.  It is not time to be phony at all, because what’s going on around us [and especially now, just before WWIII, with the war in Ukraine] is not phony, it’s real, it’s real.  And it’s wonderful to see David here, coming to Hebron.  God tells him to go there.  “So David went up thither,” and the Holy Spirit always takes note “and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal’s wife the Carmelite.” (verse 2) and by the way, how are the mighty fallen?  You can write it next to that verse, because it will slowly take David.  He’s got two wives here, by the time we get to the next chapter he’s going to have six wives, six wives and six sons from all the different wives, that can’t be a happy house, it just can’t be.  And David’s going to fall into adultery when he’s over 50 years old, and he’s already got at least six or seven wives that we know about.  And Solomon will be infected with that and end up with 300 wives and 700 concubines, a thousand mother-in-laws [laughter], imagine that.  I love the one I have, ok.  “So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal’s wife the Carmelite.  And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household:  and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron.” (verses 2-3) David is leading.  And they dwelt in the cities of Hebron, more than one city in this particular area.  Notice this, “And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah.  And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabesh-gilead were they that buried Saul.” (verse 4)  Almost 20 years before when Samuel had dumped the oil on his head, and now the house of Judah comes, David’s not labouring, he’s not sweating, he’s just being where God tells him to be, he’s in communion with the LORD, it’s God’s work, it’s God’s promise, it’s not David’s, he knows it by now.  They came, they anointed David king of Judah, “And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabesh-gilead were they that buried Saul.  And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabesh-gilead, and said unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him.” (verses 4b-5) David is a diplomat, he immediately responds to those who had done what was right.  “And now the LORD shew kindness and truth unto you:  and I also will requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing.  Therefore now let your hands be strengthened, and be ye valiant:  for your master Saul is dead, and also the house of Judah have anointed me king over them.” (verses 6-7)  So he says ‘I’m with you, I appreciate what you’ve done, you have my support, I want you to know that I’m here.’  Now the house of Judah, that would include most of the territory of Benjamin also, where Saul lived, Saul was a Benjamite. 

 

David Is Waiting, Abner Is Struggling

 

“But” and when you read through a good portion of Scripture and you find a “but” like that it usually means trouble.  Now we come to Abner, “But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul’s host, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim;” (verse 8) and by the way we’re told that he is in fact Saul’s cousin, Abner, and he should have died with Saul.  David, remember when he came into the camp, and he got a safe distance away, he said ‘Whose that man whose supposed to be looking after you Saul, what’s the guy’s name, Abner?  How come I come in there, Abner’s the one whose the real threat here, because I came in and out, and I could have taken your life, and he was sleeping.’  And Abner’s known David for 20 years.  When David killed Goliath it says Saul, king Saul said to Abner, his righthand man, ‘Whose youth is this, what’s this kid’s family?  Go find out what’s going on.’  And way back in chapter 17, around verse 55, we know for sure that Abner and David are face to face and know each other.  So Abner’s known for a long time that in fact God has a calling on David.  “But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul’s host, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim;” “Ishbosheth” which means “man of shame,” so you got a problem already, Ishbosheth is the one son of Saul we haven’t heard of all along, he all of a sudden shows up here, Abner takes Ishbosheth the son of Saul and brought him over to Mahanaim, “and made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel.” (verses 8-9) no doubt protecting Abner and his own interests, it becomes clear right away that Ishbosheth is a weaker personality than Abner, Abner’s the one here with his own design, his own ambition.  And he’s very much like Saul, his playing the fool, like Saul did, because he knows that he is in contest with the Living God here.  So he takes and makes him king, and verse 10 says “Ishbosheth Saul’s son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and reigned two years.  But the house of Judah followed David.”  Now interesting, David doesn’t go to war, David doesn’t fight, David in some ways becomes a very interesting picture of Jesus Christ here.  God’s true King will never take territory by force [except at the 2nd coming of Jesus Christ, when Jesus must return and fight to stop the genocidal World War III, before it kills off all of mankind].  Abner’s imposing himself, David is waiting.  David will only take loyalty that is willingly given to him, he is waiting, he is in transition, he is learning to be the king God wants him to be.  It says “And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months.” (verse 11)  For seven and a half years David does not pursue Ishbosheth, there’s no war, David is waiting, Abner is struggling. 

 

It Starts With A Sword-Fight At The O.K. Corral

 

“And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon.” (we want to get to the end here, but we want to get some of this) and notice “And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon:  and they sat down, the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool.” (verse 13)  Now Zeruiah is David’s sister we’re told in 1st Chronicles chapter 2, verse 16, Zeruiah is David’s older sister, and her three boys Joab, Abishai and Asahel are David’s nephews.  Now this might be one of those circumstances where the uncle is younger than the nephews, because the sister is so much older, you kind of have that once in awhile, have a teenager looking down at a baby, ‘Hey, uncle Bud,’ but these are David’s nephews, these are the sons of David’s sister.  So “Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon:  and they sat down, the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool.” (verse 13)  So you got Abner on one side of the pool, and he’s got some soldiers with him, yet Joab, he mossies’ up, he sits down across the pool on the other side with some of his soldiers, and they lay there eyeing each other up.  And no doubt Abner and Joab know each other, Joab was a great warrior, no doubt he joined himself to his uncle in the Cave of Adullam with David.  So Joab now coming before us.  “And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men now arise, and play before us.  And Joab said, Let them arise.” (verse 14)  ‘Let’s do battle,’ the kind of guys that Joab and Abner are, it’s play for them, ‘Let them dual before us, let them entertain us,’ it seems there was a mutual respect.  “Then there arose and went over by number twelve of Benjamin, which pertained to Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David. (verse 15) there’s a question here in the grammar, “And they caught every one his fellow by the head,” does the “they” refer back to the servants of David, and is it telling us that the 12 servants of David slaughtered the 12 servants of Ishbosheth? or does it say, as it seems to say that they all grabbed each other and killed each other, and all 24 of them dropped down at the same time? that’s why they named the place “the OK Corral,” we’re going to see that here.  “And they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow’s side; so they fell down together:  wherefore that place was called Helkath-hazzurim, which is in Gibeon.” (verse 16)  so they have each other by the hair, and everyone thrust his sword into his fellow’s side…“Helkath-hazzurim,” “the place of slaughter,” “the place of drawn swords,” depending on who you listen to.  “And there was a very sore battle that day; and Abner was beaten, and the men of Israel, before the servants of David.” (verse 17) now what happens evidently, it seems this dual goes down, these 12 young men from each side, they kill each other, and as they’re laying there, sprawling, dying, David’s men, just infuriated start to pursue Abner and his men, and they start to flee.  “And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, Joab, and Abishai, and Asahel:  and Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe.” I don’t know if that’s like kind of a manly compliment [it just means he was as fast on his feet as a deer, which are very swift runners]… “And Asahel pursued after Abner; and in the going he turned not to his right hand nor to the left from following Abner.  Then Abner looked behind him, and said, Art thou Asahel?  And he answered, I am.  And Abner said to him, Turn thee aside to thy right hand or to thy left, and lay thee hold on one of the young men, and take thee his armour.  But Asahel would not turn aside from following him.” ‘you want a trophy today, get away from me kid, pick on somebody your own age, I’m a warrior, and take one of their armour.’  “And Abner said again to Asahel, Turn thee aside from following me:  wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? how then should I hold up my face to Joab thy brother?” (verses 18-22)  You know, there’s some honour here on the battlefield, ‘kid, I don’t want to kill you, how can I face your brother Joab if you don’t stop?’  “Howbeit he refused to turn aside:  wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place:  and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.” (verse 23) now this is the butt end of the spear, the point in front of him, probably uses it to get up a hill, and they would sharpen the butt end, it was dull point so you could stick it in the ground.  Here’s Asahel catching up to Abner as he’s going up the hill, Abner’s not as swift as a wild roe, so Asahel’s gaining on him, and it says he warned him several times to turn away, and he refused, so he took that butt end of his spear, and it says he smashed it, he smote him under the 5th rib so hard that the spear came out from behind him, the butt end of the spear came out his back.  This man’s a warrior, that is quite a blow to deal to somebody.  “and he fell down there, and died in the same place:  and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.  And Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner:  and the sun went down when they were come to the hill of Ammah, that lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.  And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together after Abner, and became one troop, and stood on the top of an hill.” (verses 23b-25) so he’s getting reinforcements, troops are coming as he’s getting closer to home.  They take the position of higher ground, which of course is always an advantage.  “Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end? how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from following their brethren?” (verse26)  ‘Look, we’re all Israelites, Joab, you want to continue to push this thing?  I warned your brother, I didn’t want this part of the battle, what are we gonna do here, are you just going to keep pursuing?’  “Then Joab said,” and I don’t know if he was right here, As God liveth, unless thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up every one from following his brother.  So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people stood still, and pursued after Israel no more, neither fought they any more.  And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and they came to Mahanaim.” (verses 27-29)  Mahanaim, remember Jacob back in Genesis 32, “And Joab returned from following Abner:  and when he had gathered all the people together,” look at this “there lacked of David’s servants nineteen men and Asahel.” (verse 30) they lost 20 men, I’m assuming that includes the 12 by the pool of Gibeon, they lost 20 men total.  “But the servants of David had smitten of Benjamin, and of Abner’s men, so that three hundred and threescore men died.” (verse 31)  So David’s men, battle-hardened warriors.  And Abner and the men with Ishbosheth had no idea what they were getting involved in.  Now of course they’re coming against God’s will also in attacking David’s troops at this point in time.  But David, casualties on his side, 20 men, casualties on Abner’s side 360, David’s men quite the men.  “And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father, which was in Bethlehem.  And Joab and his men went all night, and they came to Hebron at break of day.” (verse 32)  So, read ahead, as we come to the third chapter, if the Lord tarries, very interesting things, we’re going to meet David’s six wives and six of his sons, and some of the problems that begin to creep into his life, and you can begin to remember “how are the mighty fallen,” because we see the erosion in David’s life as we move forward through some of these things.  So take note of those things.  Let’s stand, let’s pray.  Exhortations tonight, I don’t know, look as we go through this, anger, bitterness, it’s not imposed on you, it’s a choice, and sometimes we’re so hard, we’ve been so hurt, so violated and so betrayed, that it’s really what we want to choose, and it’s quite natural.  Whereas supernatural is what we need, which is forgiveness, David teaches us that.  That it is not imposed upon us, anger, bitterness, unforgiveness, it’s a choice.  Exhortation, how are the mighty fallen, listen, if you’re playing with something now, and it’s eating away at you like termites, little by little, it’s a great night to go home, get on your knees, say ‘Lord, that’s me, I’ve been playing with this, except for your grace it’s going to take me down, I don’t want it to happen.  If you leave me to myself I’m dead in the water here, Lord, I need your grace tonight, your mercy.’  And I think, Hebron, communion, God always leads his wandering people back to Hebron, back to prayer, back to communion.  Don’t try to figure out how to get back, it’s not a place, it’s not geographical, get alone with him, that’s back, that is back.  His blood was shed so we can have fellowship with him, getting back, this is back.  When you’re back with him, and you’re back in fellowship with him, enjoying his presence, his grace, you’re back, that’s where we need you to be, that’s where I need to be, that’s where you need me to be, remember to pray for me…[transcript of a connective expository sermon on 2nd Samuel 1:1-27 and 2nd Samuel 2:1-32, given by Pastor Joe Focht, Calvary Chapel of Philadelphia, 13500 Philmont Avenue, Philadelphia, PA  19116]

 

related links:     

Right now in 2022, just as we approach 2023 the whole world is re-arming, just like before WWII. To bring you up to speed, see  https://unityinchrist.com/topical%20studies/America-ModernRomans5.htm    

Audio version: https://resources.ccphilly.org/detail.asp?TopicID=&Teaching=WED665  

 


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